Un post traspapelado: ¿es posible tener redes autónomas? La Otra Internet
En el recorrido hacia San Lucas Tolimán, quise aprovechar la presencia de tantos y tan capaces geeks en el LibreBus para conversar un tema técnico. Habíamos invitado a Jorge Dardón, Wences Arana y Pablo Castellanos, de Guatemala. A Jorge y Wences los conozco desde hace tiempo por ser parte de las comunidades de Software Libre. A Pablo lo conocí ese día. Se presentó como físico y matemático, además de usuario de software libre.
El tema que propuse fue el de proveedores de servicios de Internet (ISP por Internet Service Providers). Me preocupa desde hace tiempo ver cómo todos los poderes de mis superhéroes cotidianos (los desarrolladores de software libre, sobre todo) caen rendidos ante los insignificantes pies de quien en Racsa, Amnet, Claro o el ISP que sea, se tropieza con un cable y desconecta el servicio. Y claro, también me preocupan las tormentas solares, pues como bien me dijo Neville una vez, no es superstición pensar que un día podemos vernos obligados a conectarnos por ondas radiofónicas por medio de servidores Debian para radioaficionados (o algo así) ¿Neville?
Pablo Castellanos expuso entonces que existe la posibilidad de tener las propias redes inalámbricas para no depender de ningún proveedor de servicios.
Lo que propone es regresar al modelo fisico de hacer nuestras propias redes.
En este momento dependemos de IANA, ICAAN, los proveedores y un sinnúmero de decisiones en las cuales no tenemos ninguna incidencia. Dependemos de una plataforma centralizada porque debemos conectarnos a un nodo para interconectarnos. Deberíamos acceder a plataformas descentralizadas pero para eso, tendríamos que lograr la cultura de tener nuestro propio servidor. Así, no dependemos de proveedores y aumentamos una propia red personal.
Esto se podría transmitir a los gobiernos locales porque eventualmente las comunidades tendrían el hardware suficiente para conectarse entre sí en una red doméstica. Se requiere generar una conexión punto a punto, en tejido, red mesh.
Surgió entonces la inquietud de la brecha que existe entre quienes pueden administrar su propio servidor y quienes no podemos hacerlo. Se mencionó entonces el FreedomBox, que busca hacer eso pero accesible a todas las personas porque aunque podemos aprender a administrar un servidor con seguridad, no es tan accesible a cualquier persona.
Se comentó entonces que por eso trabajamos en comunidades, porque no podemos saberlo todo y por eso nos conectamos con gente que sabe lo que necesitamos saber. Si fuera un escenario en el cual todos tendríamos que mantener los servidores propios es como decir que todos tenemos que cultivar nuestra propia comida, que se puede hacer pero es complicado. La idea es que se pueda compartir entre los distintos conocimientos de las personas.
Acepta que se requiere de cierta capacidad y conocimiento para tener esa infraestructura pero argumenta que el conocimiento de todo eso está disponible y es legible. La limitante es la inversión en hardware que se requiere.
En la opinión de algunos, el ISP lo que está cobrando es el material (los cables, servidores, mantenimiento) pero no por la conexión en sí. Aquí hubo oposición: "No, un ISP está cobrando por acceder a equipos a los que no tenemos acceso... nunca seríamos capaces de conectarnos autónomamente porque si dos países cortan el cable submarino, se corta la Internet".
Pablo insistía en que la posibilidad de tener conexiones que no requieren de un proveedor permite crecer hasta un punto en donde geográficamente se encuentra al lado de esa otra red, se conecta sin proveedor. ¿Lo más cercano sería México en la UNAM?
Para eso se debe pedir autorización porque alguien físicamente debe hacer la conexión."Cuando existen convenios de cooperación científica es tan fácil hacer las cosas" Pablo Castellanos.
Para que no haya cuello de botella los nodos más cercanos deben tener mejor capacidad. No se puede esperar que se tenga una conexión de banda ancha sino clonar cómo inició la Internet. El limitante es la cantidad de dinero que podrías tener para el hardware.
Algo importantetambién es que cuando hablamos de construir redes caemos en el tema de construir círculos de confianza. Si alguien rompe el círculo caemos en lo mismo.
¿las antenas satelitales no solucionan? Las antenas satelitales son dependientes de un proveedor comercial que es dueño del satélite. Actualmente
India y Venezuela quieren enviar satélites pero habría que esperar.
Con el tema del hardware y su costo elevado, se propuso también construir en la región. Los ejemplos de la India son impresionantes en cuando a autonomía y el bajo costo alcanzado, al tiempo que la ciencia y la industria locales se fortalecen. "Puede ser que nos tarde un tiempito en llegar a ese nivel pero es soberanía tecnológica" Jaime.
Primero debe haber ciencia, carreras de ingeniería para gente que cree tecnología, para salir de la dependencia. Volvemos al tema del dinero. La capacidad en recurso humano la tenemos, los centroamericanos tenemos iguales probabilidades de ser inteligentes que en el resto del mundo.
En Japón no son más inteligentes que nosotros, sino que en Japón se invierte en innovación, ciencia y tecnología y eso hace que las personas hagan grandes desarrollos.
Pasamos entonces a hablar de proveedores. Nos preocupaba el tema de en manos de quién están nuestras posibilidades de libre expresión utilizando la Internet. La discusión se puso acalorada, cuando Gabriel opinó que los proveedores privados son menos susceptibles de censurar o privar a la población de sus servicios, porque tiene fines de lucro.
¿Depender de empresas privadas nos garantiza el acceso porque "de eso viven"?
"Es más difícil que el estado imponga una ley para colocar un firewall a que lo maneje directamente el Estado y que con una llamada le diga a su subordinado" Gabriel
Garantizado ¿qué significa? ¿eso incluye las libertades de las personas usuarias para compartir y difundir información? Una cosa es que haya acceso desde lo técnico pero hay casos en los que el servicio no se interrumpe pero la información no llega.
Se contrastó esto con el ejemplo de Costa Rica en cuanto a cobertura de los servicios de telecomunicaciones y cómo no es rentable para empresas cuyo único fin es el lucro, brindar conectividad a la mayoría de la población. Se habl+ó de cómo en Guatemala, "toda la población ya tenía celular y que por eso, no existían problemas de conectividad". Argumentamos que no es un asunto de contar con el aparato, sino el dinero para pagar por los servicios sin sacrificar la subsistencia. Por otra parte, hablamos de cómo en el golpe de Estado en Honduras, los proveedores privados se pusieron al servicio de la represión. Los ISP en Honduras son privados y los compañeros de la comunidad hablan de cómo las personas que iniciaban un blog, eran asesinados. Son personas ubicadas por su dirección IP, cosa que sólo el ISP lo puede saber.
¿Un hacker no puede hacerlo? A menos que físicamente entre a ver los servidores del ISP, está bloqueada esa información. En Honduras las empresas dieron la información a la policía.
No necesariamente es un problema público o privado. Los estados y las empresas se han llegado a amalgamar. Queremos que el Internet sea manejado por la comunidad.
Se necesita una mayor cohesión social, no sólo de comunidades de software libre sino de muchos campos. Tiene que haber control político que haga que no nos pasen por encima tan fácil. Mucha de nuestra posibilidad de tener mejores niveles de autonomía tiene que ver con que no sea una cosa individual sino un trabajo colectivo.
¿Es posible no depender? Algunos dicen que no, otros decimos que sí aunque con muchas limitantes. Pero esto no es sólo un tema técnico de que si se puede o no se puede, porque lo que queremos hacer en esencia es tener autonomía y libertad para compartir la información que queremos compartir y eso, desde manos privadas no es posible, pero de fondo el tema es cuestionar a los Estados. La disyuntiva es si no es más fácil limitar tus libertades desde el Estado.
Si la ciudadanía se organiza y crea esas redes de confianza, es posible pero esto cuestiona la función del Estado, porque la información genera poder.
Si el gobierno garantizara el acceso a Internet, al menos el gobierno estaría sometido al control público y la ciudadanía podría generar presión, no así a las empresas privadas.
No es sencillo. El proyecto Debian es un proyecto sin fines de lucro, donde cada quien aporta. Eso garantiza lo técnico, pero gerenerar una red autónoma pasa por colectivos sociales que son mucho más complejos.
El estado involucra todo. El razonamiento de que lo público es malo e ineficiente. Se satanizó "la mediocridad" del gobierno para poder garantizar los servicios, se convenció de que las empresas privadas serían mejores.
Lo que sucede a veces es que las empresas públicas hacen una administración privada. El ministro se cree el dueño del ministerio. El Estado tiene el fin de velar por el bien colectivo. También hay iniciativas privadas que funcionan como públicas.
El nivel técnico que se pueda conseguir, de todas maneras necesita que se debe conectar a algún punto de fibra óptica. O un estado o empresa privada tiene el poder de enviar un satélite o conectarse a uno de esos puntos y la logremos involucrar en el juego de la comunidad, estaremos limitados a una conexión con mucho (MUCHO) continental.
Recordamos que la primera transmisión de televisión del Reino Unido se pensó para el área local pero llegó hasta Nueva York, así que si somos suficientemente inteligentes podemos hacer una conexión usando la ionósfera.
Hay ciertos países donde no se puede hacer uso del espectro radioeléctrico. La ley de telecomunicaciones de Guatemala sí lo permite.
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